By Charles Morgan and Hubert Walker for CoinWeek Notes …..
1974 was an interesting year in American numismatic history. The country was putting the finishing touches on its planned Bicentennial celebrations and the United States Mint was gearing up to produce a range of commemorative coins and medals to mark the occasion. The year would also mark the final Blue and Brown Pack silver-clad Ike Dollar issues, and the Mint was hard at work contemplating the future of the country’s longest-serving denomination, the cent.
From 1971 to 1974, cent production increased dramatically, exacerbating a trend that began in the mid-1960s when the Mint transitioned from silver to clad coinage. Cent demand was so high by the late ’60s, that the Mint resumed production of circulating cent coinage at the San Francisco Assay Office in 1968. By 1974, demand for cents had gotten so high that the Mint began to use the West Point Bullion Depository to strike them as well. By the end of the year, West Point would contribute 128,957,523 cents toward Philadelphia’s reported mintage of 4,232,140,523.
The West Point cents carry no mintmark and, as far as we know, cannot be differentiated from coins struck at Philadelphia. If original unopened mint bags of 1974 cents are ever located and can be traced to the facility, we would expect these coins to bring significant premiums over their Philadelphia Mint counterparts and that the third-party certification industry would identify the coins as 1974 (W).
Complicating matters was a trend of volatility in the copper market.
Copper prices rose by 43% from 1969 to 1970 before erasing most of those gains by the start of ’71. From 1971 to ’74, however, copper prices rose year to year, reaching almost 86 cents a pound at the start of ’74.
To address this issue, the Mint investigated ways to lower the cost of cent production, settling on a 96% aluminum alloy as a possible replacement to bronze.
In total, the Mint struck approximately 1.5 million 1974-dated aluminum cents at the end of 1973. On March 27, the coins were reviewed by the Consumer Affairs subcommittee of the House of Representatives. After extended deliberation and pressure from the vending industry, Congress rejected the aluminum alloy, but did (October 11) authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to reduce the amount of copper in the cent. By the end of 1974, copper prices receded to an acceptable level and the bronze alloy remained in use through the rest of the decade.
In 1982, the issue would be revisited and a new alloy made of copper-plated zinc would replace the bronze cent.
How Much Is the 1974 Lincoln Cent Worth?
Uncirculated Brown or Muted Red (Red Brown) Philly business strikes in high Mint State (above MS65) can sell for between $10 and $15. Unless these coins are spectacularly toned, they have no foreseeable upside and should be avoided as a sufficient number of vibrant Red examples survive.
In full Mint State Red, MS65 examples have a value of between $10 and $20. The value of the 1974 Lincoln Cent edges up by a few dollars in MS66 Red. Our expected value of a coin in this grade is between $20 and $30 – more or less equivalent to the cost of submitting the coin for grading. 1974 cents have a larger premium in MS67 Red. One excellent example was sold in March 2020 at a David Lawrence Rare Coins (DLRC) online auction for $90.
PCGS and NGC report a combined population of 28 coins in MS68 Red (NGC has one finer; see below). These coins sell for thousands of dollars. Just a half step down in MS67+ Red, examples sell for hundreds.
As for the value of the priceless 1974 Aluminum Cent patterns? This is a question we are asked quite frequently at CoinWeek. It is nearly impossible to quantify how unlikely it is that an authentic example heretofore unknown by the numismatic community would turn up, but it is possible. Of the 1.5 million examples struck, 11 are believed to be outstanding. Of that 11, only two are known.
One is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution’s Value of Money exhibit and is permanently impounded in the National Numismatic Collection, a donation of the United States Mint. The second example was discovered in 1973, reportedly by U.S. Capitol Police Officer Albert Toven. According to the story, the coin was dropped by a government official after a Congressional hearing on the efficacy of replacing the bronze alloy with an aluminum alloy. When Toven offered it back to the official, the official told Toven he could keep it.
This story has been published and repeated multiple times throughout the years but has all of the earmarks of a cover story. One told to “legalize” the private ownership of a pattern coin that was not officially released to the public. This example remains in private hands and was authenticated by PCGS in October 2005 and given the grade MS62. The value of this example likely exceeds six figures, but given its legally questionable status, a potential buyer would be advised to exercise caution when making an offer or placing a bid, as a protracted legal fight over the status of a privately held 1974-D Aluminum Cent resulted in the coin being returned to the Federal Government.
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Market Data and Noteworthy Specimens
Top Population: PCGS MS68RD (5, 11/2024), NGC MS68+RD (1, 11/2024), and CAC N/A (0:0 stickered:graded, 11/2024).
- NGC MS68+RD #6605092-001: GreatCollections, June 2, 2024, Lot 1168151 – View.
- PCGS MS68RD #50497514: GreatCollections, October 6, 2024, Lot 1593162 – View. Secure Shield holder.
- NGC MS68RD #6604116-003: GreatCollections, August 27, 2023, Lot 1168533 – View.
- NGC MS68RD #6604017-002: GreatCollections, August 27, 2023, Lot 1168511 – View.
- NGC MS68RD #6604294-003: GreatCollections, August 27, 2023, Lot 1168178 – View.
- NGC MS68RD #6604485-004: GreatCollections, August 27, 2023, Lot 1168152 – View.
- NGC MS68RD #6604784-002: GreatCollections, August 27, 2023, Lot 1168150 – View.
- PCGS MS67+RD #48756078: GreatCollections, May 19, 2024, Lot 1580555 – View. Secure Shield holder.
- NGC MS67+RD #6604144-002: GreatCollections, August 13, 2023, Lot 1168154 – View; GreatCollections, February 11, 2024, Lot 1526029 – View.
- PCGS MS67+RD #38595742: GreatCollections, July 2, 2023, Lot 1340795 – View.
- PCGS MS67+RD #38909199: GreatCollections, June 18, 2023, Lot 1340148 – View.
- NGC MS67+RD #6604420-002: GreatCollections, June 4, 2023, Lot 1169092 – View.
- PCGS MS67+RD #25392786: David Lawrence Rare Coins (DLRC), January 29, 2023, Lot 4086 – $300; Heritage, May 9, 2023, Lot 23119 – $576.
- NGC MS67+RD #6073396-001: Heritage, October 25, 2022, Lot 27069 – $149.
- PCGS MS67+RD #82925960: Legend Rare Coin Auctions, August 27, 2020, Lot 32 – $910.63; Heritage, December 8, 2020, Lot 23158 – $800.40; Heritage, January 5, 2021, Lot 21153 – $630.
- PCGS MS67+RD #38206840: Stack’s Bowers, December 21, 2020, Lot 3218 – $192.
- PCGS MS67RD #04549918: GreatCollections, July 28, 2024, Lot 1621030 – View. Ex: Jack Lee, “Jack Lee” on insert.
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Design
Obverse:
The obverse of the 1974 Lincoln Cent was designed by Victor David Brenner and appears largely as it did when the type was first minted in 1909. The main difference on the 1974 obverse versus the 1909 version is the location of Brenners’ initials, V.D.B., which were added under President Abraham Lincoln’s bust in 1918 after their removal from the reverse in late 1909. The date 1974 appears to the right of Lincoln, and the motto IN GOD WE TRUST appears above. To the left of the 16th president is the word LIBERTY.
Reverse:
Frank Gasparro designed the 1959 Lincoln Memorial reverse that replaced the original 1909 Brenner wheat stalk design. Gasparro’s initials FG appear on the lower-right side of the Memorial. Below the edifice and along the rim is the denomination ONE CENT, while the legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA runs along the top half of the reverse along the rim. Between the top of the Lincoln Memorial and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA is the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM.
Edge:
The edge of the 1974 Lincoln Cent is plain or smooth, without reeding or edge lettering.
Designers
Lithuanian-born coin designer Victor David Brenner is best known for his iconic design for the Lincoln cent (1909-Present) (View Designer’s Profile).
Frank Gasparro was an American medalist and coin designer. After serving as an assistant engraver to Gilroy Roberts, he became the 10th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, serving from 1965-1981. Besides the Lincoln Cent Memorial Reverse, Gasparro also designed the Eisenhower Dollar obverse and regular reverse, and Susan B Anthony Dollar. He retired from the Mint on January 16, 1981 (View Designer’s Profile).
1974 Lincoln Memorial Cent Coin Specifications
| Country: | United States of America |
| Year of Issue: | 1974 |
| Denomination: | One Cent (USD) |
| Mintmark: | None (Philadelphia and West Point) |
| Mintage: | 4,232,140,523 (includes 128,957,523 struck at the West Point Bullion Depository) |
| Alloy: | .950 copper, .050 tin and zinc |
| Weight: | 3.11 g |
| Diameter: | 19.00 mm |
| Edge: | Plain |
| OBV Designer: | Victor David Brenner |
| REV Designer: | Frank Gasparro |
| Quality: | Business Strike |
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